基因和蛋白质研究 开放获取

抽象的

遺傳學、遺傳因素和成癮

克萊爾蒙特·格里菲斯和伯尼斯·拉·弗朗斯

Disorders related to the addiction to drugs and substances are regarded as one of the major causes of deaths that, however, can be prevented by Slutske et al. But various genetic and environmental factors may greatly aggravate such a dependency, especially if take into consideration that most of them can be inherited. НLs fact was confirmed by the findings of the studies conducted on twins i.e., twin studies, according to which the addiction may occur due to the existence of genetic etiology. While examining the dangers of drug and substance abuse, it is crucial to comprehend the biological occurrences that cause addiction and establish drugs that can disrupt with cellular mechanisms to prevent and cure the dependence. That is, the understanding of the factors that influence nicotine dependence is critical in lowering the rate of smoking.
This study is aimed at grouping and identifying addictions, evaluating the function of heritable differences of addictions and the intersection of hereditary impacts of alcohol and substance abuse. The study has employed various approaches interviews and phenotyping techniques involving neuroimaging and endophenotypes results.
This study was based on face-to-face interviews findings as well as interviews conducted via phone to minimize movements to both the interviewer and the interviewee. The subjects involved included individuals addicted to drugs and substance, health and social workers dealing with the addicted people, and the relatives of the addicted individuals. The interview involved the vast number of participants including around two thousand smokers, three thousand alcohol addicts, and three thousand cannabis addicts. One hundred and fiіy-sLx health workers concerned with the welfare of the addiction victims were involved in the study as well. One hundred and thirty-four social workers participated. Four thousand relatives of the addicted victims were interviewed, and laboratory-based assessments were also conducted.
According to their results, polymorphism in ADH1B has insignificant effect on alcohol consumption. Similarly, polymorphism in ALDH2 has no association with alcohol consumption. Contrary to Crous-Bou et al.’s finding, the serotonergic variants have also been included in the etiology of alcohol addiction. Nevertheless, a meta-examination of conventional researched serotonin transporter gene polymorphism discovered a feeble connection with alcohol dependence (p<0.05). In addition to these finding, inconsistent relationships between diverse forms of cannabinoid receptor 1 hereditary factor were also reported.
報告顯示，中樞神經系統在與衝動、成癮相關的獎勵週期中存在調整，以及歸因於藥物成癮的這些通道中遺傳因子變異體活動的分子過程。成癮的受試者對依賴的生物學基礎表現出較少的認識。預計，成癮是透過自我敘述訪談、問卷調查和臨床詢問來檢視的。儘管如此，實驗室的實驗也被用來使用挑戰概念框架來分析成癮的個體差異，其中在受控環境中向受試者給予極量的藥物。透過利用這一概念，該研究設計了口服酒精測試的反饋表型階段，其結果既有陽性也有陰性，包括噁心以及不同的生理和生物標記調整，用於識別暴露於高威脅的人的反應水平降低酗酒。
總之，成癮是與可能產生依賴性的後果或潛在原因的疾病相關的關鍵條件。它深受遺傳和環境因素的影響。大多數酒精依賴者至少有 1 個 S 等位基因，這會增加他們成癮的風險。同樣，血清素轉運蛋白多態性也影響酒精依賴。然而，多種環境因素促進了酒精的使用。
同樣，尼古丁依賴和遺傳之間也有強烈的關聯。這種藥物的使用具有遺傳性，因為大多數使用者的基因多態性很明顯。儘管如此，大腦多巴胺的基因變異證明了藥物療法在促進戒菸方面的有效性。我們評估依賴性的方式與診斷的遺傳因素和遺傳途徑的影響密切相關。使用幾種相互關聯的策略來評估與遺傳因素相關的成癮並確定它們之間的相關性，為關聯遺傳因素和習慣提供了途徑。
關鍵字：成癮；依賴性；環境因素；病因學；遺傳;標記