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Hematological and Histological Studies to Determine the Toxicity of Profenofos on Oreochromis niloticus (Genetically Improved)

Dayananda NG*, Surendran SN

The extensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture can cause severe consequences because of their bio magnification and persistence. This research was designed to study the toxicity of profenofos on the genetically improved strain of farmed tilapia (Oreochromis nilotic). The LC₅₀ value of Profenofos for fingerlings with 2 g ± 0.5 g average weight and 6 cm ± 0.5 cm average lengths was determined by probit analysis using MS excel 2013 software. Sub adults with 14.0 cm ± 0.5 cm average length and 71.0 g ± 0.5 g average weight were stocked and exposed to different concentrations of Profenofos ranging from 0 to 0.15 mg L^-1 for four weeks and accessed the hematological parameters. The sub adults were exposed to different concentrations of Profenofos ranging from 0 to 0.26 mg L^-1 for a week, and histological alterations of liver, kidney, and gills were examined. The 72 hours LC₅₀ value for Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings was 0.26 mg L^-1 at 30.1°C ± 1°C. One way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant decrease in erythrocyte (RBC) count (P<0.05) and Hematocrit (HCT) (P<0.05) for the groups exposed to profenofos concerning the exposure time, and there was a significant decrease in Hemoglobin (Hb) (P<0.05), Hematocrit (HCT) (P<0.05) and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) (P<0.05) for the groups exposed to profenofos concerning the concentration of pesticide. Histological results revealed that profenofos causes histopathological alterations such as cytoplasmic vacillation, swelling hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei, and severe infiltration of erythrocytes in the livers of exposed fish. Small vacuoles, psychotic nuclei, glomerular Shrinkage, renal epithelium degeneration, and infiltration of erythrocytes were noticed in the exposed kidneys. Degeneration of gill epithelium in secondary lamellae and infiltration of leucocytes were noticed in the gills of exposed fish. The study revealed that profenofos is toxic to the genetically improved strain of Oreochromis niloticus and should be considered when used in agricultural fields close to natural freshwater bodies.